Efectos de un programa de ejercicio neuromuscular en la condición física del adulto mayor de la comunidad: ensayo clínico aleatorizado en grupos paralelos y ciego doble / Effects of a neuromuscular exercise program on the physical condition of the older adult in the community: randomized clinical trial in parallel groups and double blind

OBJETIVO: Comparar los efectos de un programa de ejercicio neuromuscular (ENM) respecto a un programa de ejercicio municipal (EM) sobre la condición física en adultos mayores de la comunidad. Metodología: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado en grupos paralelos y ciego doble. Muestra constituida por 82 sujetos, edad X = 72 años (DE = +/-5 años) pertenecientes a la Casa del Adulto Mayor de la ciudad de Talca. La selección fue de manera no probabilística por conveniencia, la asignación a los grupos mediante aleatorización estratificada y el ocultamiento de la asignación por medio de sobres cerrados. El cegamiento doble fue para los participantes y los evaluadores. Ambos grupos realizaron ejercicio en paralelo durante seis meses, tres veces a la semana. Las comparaciones inter-grupo de la condición física fueron analizados por medio de ANOVA multivariante de un factor. En todos los casos se adoptó un p < 0.05 y se utilizó SPSS 25.Resultados: Los sujetos del grupo ENM lograron significativamente un mejor rendimiento en todas las variables de condición física respecto al grupo EM (p < 0.05). Conclusión: El ENM mejoró significativamente la condición física de adultos mayores de la comunidad respecto a la aplicación de un programa de ejercicio municipal.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a neuromuscular exercise program (ENM) with respect to a municipal exercise program (EM) on the physical condition of older adults in the community. Methodology: Double blind, parallel group randomized clinical trial. Sample made up of 82 subjects, age X = 72 years (SD = +/- 5 years) belonging to the House for the Elderly in the city of Talca. Selection was non-probabilistic for convenience, group assignment by stratified randomization, and allocation concealment by sealed envelopes. Double blinding was for participants and assessors. Both groups exercised in parallel for 6 months, 3 times a week. The inter-group comparisons of physical condition were by means of one-way multivariate ANOVA. In all cases a p <0.05 was adopted and SPSS 25 was used. Results: The subjects of the ENM group achieved significantly better performance in all the physical condition variables compared to the EM group (p <0.05). Conclusion: The ENM significantly improved the physical condition of older adults in the community with respect to the application of a municipal exercise program.

Parotid salivary mucocele in a companion rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): a report on the clinical and laboratory characteristics and surgical treatment - case report / [Mucocele salivar parotídea em coelho doméstico (Oryctolagus cuniculus): relato de características clínico-laboratoriais e tratamento cirúrgico - relato de caso]

The present report aimed to describe the main characteristics of the parotid salivary mucocele in an adult male rabbit, which presented with a painless fluctuating mass with fluid content. Owing to the need for repeated fluid drainage, surgical excision was the chosen mode of treatment. Preoperative evaluation included radiography and blood analysis. The patient underwent surgical excision of the affected gland. Inhalation anesthesia was maintained by means of isoflurane and the cardio-respiratory parameters were monitored throughout the surgery. A bipolar electrocautery was used to assist in the incision and polyglactin 910 and nylon were the suture materials used in the wound closure technique. Post-operative medications included analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics. Histopathology of the excised glandular tissue revealed a mixed inflammatory infiltrate, fibroblasts, hemorrhage and hyperemia. The observations in this case suggest that surgical excision of the affected gland is the treatment of choice for the management of mucocele in companion rabbits, which has already been identified for other animals. Periodic acid-reactive Schiff staining confirmed the diagnosis of salivary mucocele. The complementary investigations helped to rule out the differential diagnosis and indicated a favorable prognosis, in view of the fact that the case was successfully resolved without complications or recurrence.(AU)

O presente relato teve como objetivo descrever as principais características da mucocele salivar parotídea em um coelho macho adulto, que apresentou uma massa flutuante indolor e com um conteúdo líquido em seu interior. Devido à necessidade de repetidas punções deste fluido, optou-se pela excisão cirúrgica como forma de tratamento. A avaliação pré-operatória incluiu radiografias e análises sanguíneas. O paciente foi submetido ao tratamento cirúrgico com excisão da glândula afetada. A anestesia inalatória foi mantida com isoflurano e os parâmetros cardio-respiratórios foram monitorados durante a cirurgia. Um eletrocautério bipolar foi utilizado para auxiliar na incisão e os fios poliglactina 910 e nylon foram utilizados na técnica de sutura. As medicações pós-operatórias incluíram agentes analgésicos, anti-inflamatórios e antibióticos. A histopatologia do tecido glandular removido revelou infiltrado inflamatório misto, fibroblastos, hemorragia e hiperemia. As observações neste caso sugerem que a remoção cirúrgica da glândula afetada seja o tratamento de escolha no manejo da mucocele em coelhos de companhia, o que já vem sendo identificado para outros animais. A coloração do ácido periódico reativo de Schiff confirmou o diagnóstico da mucocele salivar. Os exames complementares ajudaram a excluir as doenças que fazem parte do diagnóstico diferencial e indicaram um prognóstico favorável, tendo em vista o fato que este caso foi resolvido com sucesso, sem complicações ou recorrência.(AU)

Toxicidade de espécies vegetais / Toxicity of plant species

RESUMO As plantas produzem uma grande variedade de metabólitos secundários que frequentemente são relacionados a mecanismos de proteção da planta contra predadores e patógenos. As espécies tóxicas são aquelas capazes de produzirem compostos que podem causar alterações metabólicas prejudiciais ao homem e aos animais. A toxicidade apresentada por uma espécie vegetal pode estar relacionada a fatores associados ao indivíduo, à planta, ao modo de exposição e a questões ambientais. A intoxicação, aguda ou crônica, causada por plantas é difícil de ser diagnosticada assim como a associação entre os sintomas e o consumo e/ou contato com algumas espécies é difícil de ser estabelecida. No âmbito da saúde pública, as intoxicações causadas por plantas possuem impacto expressivo. No Brasil foram registrados 1026 casos em 2012, sendo que a maior parte deles ocorreu com crianças de 0 a 4 anos, de acordo com os dados do SINITOX. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento bibliográfico de espécies vegetais, brasileiras e exóticas aclimatadas, citadas como tóxicas apesar de serem utilizadas com fins ornamentais e medicinais.

ABSTRACT Plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, which are frequently related to a plant’s protective mechanism against predators and pathogens. Toxic species are those capable of producing compounds that can cause metabolic changes harmful to humans and animals. The toxicity of plant species can be associated with aspects related to the individual, the plant, the manner of exposure, and to environmental issues. Acute or chronic intoxication caused by plants is difficult to diagnose and the association between the symptoms and the consumption of and/or contact with plants is hard to establish. In the public health sector, intoxications caused by plants have a wide impact. In Brazil, 1,026 cases were registered in 2012, most of which occurred with children between the ages of 0 to 4 years, according to data reported by SINITOX. The purpose of this study was to perform a bibliographic survey of Brazilian or acclimatized exotic plant species, which have been reported as toxic even though they are used for ornamental or medicinal purposes.

Manejo laparoscópico de embarazo ectópico en cicatriz uterina por cesárea previa: reporte de un caso

El embarazo ectópico es la gestación que se anida fuera del endometrio que recubre la cavidad uterina. Se estima una incidencia de 0,94 a 2,6% de todas las gestaciones. Su localización en cicatriz uterina de cesárea previa (0,15%) -una rara presentación de esta patología- representa 6,15% de los casos de embarazo ectópico que ocurren en mujeres con antecedente de cesárea. En el presente artículo se analiza el caso de una paciente de 28 años, gesta 5, para 0412, con antecedente de 3 cesáreas, que acudió al Hospital Nacional Docente Materno Infantil (HONADOMANI) San Bartolomé en febrero 2013 con diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico localizado en cicatriz uterina por cesárea previa, por ecografía transvaginal, y que fue resuelto exitosamente mediante manejo laparoscópico. El embarazo ectópico localizado en la zona de cicatriz uterina por cesárea previa, aunque raro, va en aumento debido al incremento de la tasa de cesáreas. La ultrasonografía transvaginal es crucial para su diagnóstico, y actualmente no existe un consenso o guía clínica que nos oriente en su manejo.

Ectopic pregnancy is a gestation that nests outside of the uterus endometrial lining. Incidence is estimated at 0.94-2.6% of all pregnancies. Its location in a previous cesarean section uterine scar is a rare (0.15%) presentation of this disease, accounting for 6.15% of ectopic pregnancy cases occurring in women with previous cesarean section. A case of a 28 year-old woman G: 5 P: 0412, with history of 3 cesarean sections was hospitalized in Hospital Nacional Docente Materno Infantil (HONADOMANI) San Bartolomé in February 2013 because of transvaginal ultrasound diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy located in previous uterine cesarean scar; it was successfully resolved by laparoscopic management. Cases of ectopic pregnancy located in the uterine scar from previous cesarean are increasing due to the rising cesarean section rate. Transvaginal ultrasonography is crucial for diagnosis. There is no current consensus or guidelines for its management.

Fusión esplenogonadal como causa de masa testicular pediátrica: Caso clínico / Splenogonadal fusion, a rare cause of pediatric testicular mass: clinical case

La fusión esplenogonadal es una variación anatómica infrecuente, con un pequeño número de reportes en la literatura. La estrecha relación entre el bazo y la gónada primitiva izquierda en un momento del desarrollo embrionario logra explicar la existencia de este fenómeno. Objetivo: Comunicar el primer reporte en la literatura nacional de fusión esplenogonadal. Caso clínico: Preescolar de 2 años 10 meses que consultó por aumento de volumen silente en testículo izquierdo estudiado mediante ecografía, la cual reveló una masa hipervascular en su polo superior. Se decidió su exploración quirúrgica donde se apreció una estructura sólida, bien adherida al teste, de superficie similar a la del hígado. Fue resecada y enviada a biopsia rápida la cual se informó como un tejido esplénico benigno. Discusión: La literatura revisada describe los aspectos más importantes de ésta entidad, su desarrollo embrionario, clasificación, presentación clínica, métodos diagnósticos y tratamiento. El conocimiento de esta condición por parte del equipo médico y su inclusión en el diagnóstico diferencial de masa testicular, permite tomar medidas diagnósticas en el intraoperatorio para un tratamiento conservador. Una vez establecido el diagnóstico, habitualmente en el intraoperatorio, es suficiente la enucleación completa del tejido esplénico, evitando orquiectomías innecesarias.

The splenogonadal fusion is a rare anatomical variation, with only a few reports in the literature. The close relationship between the spleen and the primitive left gonad in a specific moment of the embryonic development could explain this phenomenon. Objective: To point out the clinical presentation and treatment of this condition, through the first case published in our country. Clinical case: We report the case of a male child, 2 years 10-month-old, who consulted for silent swelling of the left testis, which Doppler ultrasound study revealed a hypervascular, polar mass. A surgical exploration was performed, and a solid, adherent, liver-like structure was observed over the testicle. The intraoperatory biopsy was informed as benign splenic tissue. Conclusion: The reviewed articles describe important information about the development, classification, presentation and management of this condition. The knowledge and inclusion of this condition in the differential diagnosis of pediatric testicular masses allows the medical team to choose for conservative therapeutic measures. Once the diagnosis is established, often intraoperatively, a complete resection of the splenic tissue is enough for these patients, avoiding an unnecessary orchiectomy.

Mekuido: intervención en línea para escolares chilenos de apoyo a la prevención del sobrepeso / Mekuido: on line intervention for chilean school children to support prevention of overweight

Se describe la intervención MeKuido disenada para el proyecto "Prevención del sobrepeso y de la obesidad en escolares chilenos: Apuesta a la capacidad emprendedora de los niños" (FONIS SA10I20016). Sujetos y Método: Estudio descriptivo de la intervención realizada a población seleccionada mediante muestreo aleatorio por conglomerado del 50% de los colegios municipalizados de la comuna de La Pintana, conformada por los niños/as que en marzo de 2011, cursaban 5° y 6° año básico, (n=468) y aceptaron participar. Mekuido elemento central de la intervención, es un software con cuatro secciones construidas según marco referencial Orem. Post intervención, se aplicó cuestionario de satisfacción. Resultados: La implementación en el contexto de las actividades escolares demostró ser factible, pero no exenta de dificultades. El cuestionario de satisfacción fue respondido por 355 niños/as (90,8%). En todas las preguntas cerradas más del 80% muestran satisfacción con la intervención y recomendarían su uso. Conclusiones. El marco de referencia de Orem permite diseñar intervenciones para cambio de conductas asociadas a alimentación. Su uso es factible en el contexto escolar, requiere de decisión y compromiso de los profesores. La estrategia puede ser incorporada al curriculum y contribuir al desarrollo de objetivos transversales. La satisfacción con la intervención fue alta.

The MeKuido intervention is described, designed for the project "Prevention of overweight and obesity in Chilean children: Bettinhg on the enterprising capacity of children" (FONIS SA10I20016). Subjects and Method: A descriptive intervention study on a randomly selected population by cluster at 50% of municipal schools in the district of La Pintana, with children enrolled in 5th and 6th grade of primary school who agreed to participate (n = 468). Mekuido, central element is a software with four sections built according to Orem's referential framework. Post intervention, a satisfaction questionnaire was applied. Results: The implementation in the context of school activities proved feasible but not without difficulties. The satisfaction questionnaire was answered by 355 children (90.8%). All closed questions showed over 80% of satisfaction with the intervention and would recommend their use. Conclusion: The Orem framework allows the design of interventions to change behaviors related to feeding. Its use is feasible in the school context, requires determination and commitment of teachers. The strategy can be incorporated into the curriculum and contribute to the development of transversal objectives.

Prospecção fitoquímica preliminar de plantas nativas do cerrado de uso popular medicinal pela comunidade rural do assentamento vale verde - Tocantins / Preliminary phytochemical screening of native Cerrado plants of medicinal popular use by the rural community of the Vale Verde settlement - Tocantins

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar qualitativamente grupos de metabólitos secundários e alguns constituintes de 9 espécies de plantas medicinais nativas do cerrado utilizadas pela comunidade rural do Assentamento Vale Verde, identificando potencialidades biológicas e farmacológicas. As informações referentes às plantas de uso medicinal foram obtidas por meio de estudos etnobotânicos e etnofarmacológicos, realizados no período de 2010 a 2012. O material botânico coletado foi identificado e depositado no Herbário da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Porto Nacional (TO). O extrato etanólico e metanólico foi obtido a partir do material seco em estufa, filtrado e concentrado em evaporador rotatório sob pressão reduzida, pesados e novamente colocados em estufa por 24h a 50ºC, obtendo o rendimento (m/m) resultante da relação entre a massa de extrato concentrado e após seco. A análise fitoquímica das plantas selecionadas foi feita usando a metodologia da Prospecção Preliminar, realizando testes para detecção de alguns constituintes importantes e dos principais grupos de metabólitos: saponinas, fenóis e taninos, catequinas, esteróides e triterpenóides, cumarinas, antraquinonas e flavonóides. Os testes foram considerados positivos através de reações de precipitados com colorações, formações de espumas e manchas coloridas. Os testes fitoquímicos realizados nos extratos revelarem a presença de constituintes do metabolismo secundário das plantas que podem contribuir para a identificação de marcadores químicos para as espécies estudadas, sendo estes indispensáveis para os testes de qualidade e integridade de fitoterápicos e uso popular mais seguro das plantas medicinais, possibilitando melhor controle farmacognóstico dessas espécies e direcionamento dos seus usos e aplicações na pesquisa pela bioatividade preliminarmente conhecida. Neste caso, especialmente devido às atividades antimicrobianas, antioxidantes e contra insetos, sugerindo relação com a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonoídicos, positivos nos extratos da maioria das espécies. Estas informações são inéditas no Tocantins e estratégicas para fortalecimento das políticas de conservação de Áreas de Reserva Legal no âmbito do Cerrado, bioma prioritário para conservação da biodiversidade, melhorando a caracterização dos recursos medicinais ainda disponíveis na flora nativa regional bem como vislumbrando suas aplicações biológicas e farmacológicas.

This qualitative study aimed to characterize the groups of secondary metabolites and some constituents of 9 species of native medicinal plants of the Cerrado region used by the rural community of Vale Verde Settlement, identifying their biological and pharmacological potential. The information on medicinal plants were obtained through ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies performed during the period 2010-2012. The botanical material collected was identified and deposited in the Herbarium of the Federal University of Tocantins, Porto Nacional (TO). The ethanolic and methanolic extracts were obtained from the oven dried material, filtered and concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, then weighed and placed again in an oven for 24h at 50 ° C, obtaining the yield (m / m), resulting from the ratio between the mass of concentrated extract and the mass after drying. Phytochemical analysis of selected plants was done using the methodology of Preliminary Prospecting, with tests for the detection of some important constituents and of the main groups of metabolites: saponins, phenols and tannins, catechins, steroids and triterpenoids, coumarins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. The tests were considered positive by the reactions of precipitates with colorations, the formation of foams and colored stains. Phytochemical tests performed on the extracts revealed the presence of constituents of secondary metabolism of plants, which can help to identify chemical markers of species. These markers are indispensable for testing quality and integrity of phytochemicals and a safer popular use of medicinal plants, enabling a better pharmacognostic control of these species and guidance for their use and applications in research by the preliminarily known bioactivity. In this case, it is especially due to the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti insect activities, suggesting an association with the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, positive in extracts of most species. These data are novel in Tocantins and strategic for the strengthening of conservation policies of Legal Reserve Areas within the Cerrado, priority biome for the conservation of biodiversity, improving the characterization of medicinal resources still available in the regional native flora, also foreseeing their biological and pharmacological applications.

Validación de "Action Research Arm Test" (ARAT) en pacientes con extremidad superior parética post ataque cerebro vascular en Chile / Validation of "Action Research Arm Test" (ARAT) in Chilean patients with a paretic upper limb after a stroke

Background: Stroke is one of the main causes of disability and death in the world. Sixty three percent of stroke survivors require rehabilitation which is a complex functional recovery multidisciplinary task. Aim: To determine the psychometric properties of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), that is used to assess the functional recovery of a paretic upper limb. Patients and Methods: Eighty stroke survivors were assessed at their homes as a baseline and two months later applying ARAT and Motor Activity Log (MAL-30) assessments. In the latter evaluation quality of life was assessed with SIS 3.0 score and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) was applied. Participants received no intervention in the lapse between the two assessments. Results: Cronbach a values for ARAT were 0.88 and 0.89 at baseline and two months assessments, respectively. Temporary stability had an r value of 0. 93 (p < 0.01). The convergent validity with quality of movement of MAL-30 was r = 0.58 and r = 0.51. The figures with quantity of movement were r = 0.55 and r = 0.57. The convergent validity with SIS 3.0 was r = 0.53 for the hand, r = 0.57 for participation and r = 0.48 for recovery. ARATscores correlated inversely and significantly with age and pain. There was no discriminant validity between ARAT and emotion, memory, communication and mobility of SIS 3.0, GHQ-30 and the socio-economic level. Conclusions: ARAT is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the functional recovery of paretic upper limbs after a stroke.

Estado nutricional y conductas asociadas a la nutrición en escolares / Nutritional status and nutrition-related behavior in school-agers

Objectives: To analyze nutritional self-care behavior and nutritional status among children in two urban-zone schools in Santiago, Chile. Population and Methods: Analysis of data obtained in a transversal descriptive study of 207 volunteer children aged 9-15 y.o. in 2008, used to validate the Moore índex NutritionChild (MIN-C)©. Results: For the behaviors under review, average test score among children was only 63 percent of expected (210 pts). Least favorable responses relate to obtaining healthy eating information through various media. Most favorable relate to food hygiene. Behavioral comparison according to nutritional status shows no correlation; average score for the full scale, for all children, was 132,2 +/- SD 22.1 (One-way Anova). Overweight and obese children showed no significant differences in scores. Discussion and conclusion: In order to decrease the prevalence of obesity, results suggest intervention focused on acquisition of knowledge and searching of information.

Objetivos: Analizar las conductas de autocuidado asociadas a la alimentación y el estado nutricional de niños/ as procedentes de dos colegios de zonas urbanas de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Su estudio puede constituir un aporte a la prevención de la malnutrición por exceso. Población y Método: Análisis secundario de datos obtenidos en estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado en 2008 en muestra por conveniencia de 207 escolares de 9 a 15 años, que aceptaron participar, en el que se validó el instrumento Moore índex Nutrition-Child (MIN-C)©. Resultados: Para las conductas estudiadas, el puntaje promedio obtenido por los niños/as en el cuestionario, corresponde sólo al 63 por ciento del ideal (210 puntos). Respuestas que dan cuenta de conductas más desfavorables, dicen relación con obtención de información sobre alimentación saludable a través de diferentes medios y las favorables se relacionan con higiene de la alimentación. La comparación de conductas según estado nutricional no muestra diferencias; el puntaje promedio obtenido por los niños, para toda la escala, fue de 132,2 +/- DS 22,1 (Anova una vía, para efectos fijos). Al analizar los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad en relación con los de estado nutricional normal, las diferencias no son significativas. Discusión y Conclusión: Para contribuir a disminuir la prevalencia del sobrepeso y obesidad, los resultados sugieren intervenciones que privilegien la adquisición de conocimientos y obtención de información.

Pancreatite aguda necrótica em bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans) macho adulto / Necrotic acute pancreatitis in male adult Southern Brown Howler Monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans)

This paper reports the development of necrotic acute pancreatitis in a captive male adult Southern Brown Howler Monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans, Cabrera, 1940) presenting acute apathy and anorexia. Blood samples were collected and supportive treatment was made although death could not be avoided. Necropsy was performed. First erythrogram results showed polycythaemia due to dehydration; second exam revealed anemia after fluid administration. Leukopenia with neutropenia suggested poor prognosis. Creatinine was in the reference range although BUN (blood urea nitrogen) was increased. Increased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatin kinase serum activities were observed. Amylase and lipase serum activities were incredibly high. Necropsy revealed intense icterus in subcutaneous tissue and internal structures, including misshapen pancreas with rare glandular tissue. Acute pancreatitis diagnosis was made by clinical signs, laboratory findings, and necropsy.

Inmunohistoquímica en el diagnóstico de la fiebre amarilla. Experiencia en el Dpto. de Patología, del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud y la Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción / Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of yellow fever. Experience in the Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Research Institute and the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Asuncion

La fiebre amarilla (FA) es una enfermedad hemorrágica aguda, inmunoprevenible producida por un arbovirus cuyo órgano blanco es el hígado. Se presenta en forma epidémica y en dos formas epidemiológicas: la urbana y la selvática, ambas con características clínicas e histopatológicas semejantes. Para el diagnóstico se utilizan distintos métodos como serología, cultivo celular, biología molecular, histopatología e inmunohistoquímica (IHQ). La IHQ identifica, en las muestras obtenidas postmortem, la presencia, a nivel tisular, del antígeno viral causante de la enfermedad mediante una unión antígeno-anticuerpo altamente específica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar por IHQ la presencia del antígeno del virus de la FA en tejidos hepáticos de pacientes fallecidos con sospecha de FA en el Paraguay. Estudio descriptivo en muestras de tejido hepático (bloques de parafina) obtenidos postmortem, con autorización de los familiares, de 4 pacientes fallecidos con sospecha clínica de FA. Los bloques de parafina fueron enviados, codificados para respetar la confidencialidad de los pacientes, por la Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA) al Dpto. de Patología del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS-UNA) para el análisis por IHQ. Se utilizó el anticuerpo primario anti-fiebre amarilla y la técnica del complejo avidina-biotina-peroxidasa, se agregaron cortes de control positivo y negativo para cada caso. Todas fueron positivas para FA. La positividad de la tinción se evaluó por microscopía óptica y en relación a los hallazgos histopatológicos, se consideró positivos aquellos casos en los que se observó una tinción marrón en el citoplasma de las células hepáticas. La positividad se observó en todos los casos sospechosos y en los controles positivos. Los controles negativos no presentaron esta tinción. La IHQ en conjunto con otras técnicas laboratoriales y los criterios clínicos contribuye al diagnóstico postmortem en los casos de FA, y se constituye en una herramienta de diagnóstico muy útil que permite realizar el diagnóstico retrospectivo, en los casos que no ha sido posible realizar otros estudios.

Yellow fever (YF) is an acute hemorrhagic disease, which is immuno-preventable, caused by an arbovirus whose target organ is the liver. It occurs epidemically and in two epidemiological forms: urban and wild, both with clinical and histopathological similar characteristics. Several methods are used for the diagnosis such as serology, cell culture, molecular biology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The IHC determines the presence of the viral antigen causing the disease at tissue level in post-mortem samples through a highly specific antigen-antibody binding. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of the YF viral antigen by IHC in the liver tissue of deceased patients with suspicion of YF in Paraguay. This is a descriptive study carried out on liver tissue samples (paraffin blocks), obtained post-mortem with the permission of the relatives, of four patients that died and had clinical suspicion of YF. Paraffin blocks were sent, coded to respect the patient confidentiality, by the Department of Pathology of the Faculty of Medicine-National University of Asunción (UNA) to the Department of Pathology of the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS-UNA) to be analysed by IHC. The anti-yellow fever primary antibody and the technique of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex were used. Also, samples of positive and negative controls for each case were added. Positive staining was evaluated by optical microscopy, and in relation to the histopathological findings those with a brown staining in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells were considered positive. Positivity was observed in all suspected cases and positive controls. The negative controls did not show any staining. The IHC techniques together with other laboratory techniques and the clinical criteria contribute to postmortem diagnosis in YF cases and represent a useful diagnostic tool which allows the performance of retrospective diagnosis in those cases where other studies could not have been made.

Efectos de gases agrios sobre cementos petroleros. / Effects of sour gases on oil well cements. / Efeitos de gases ácidos sobre cimentos petrolíferos.

Se estudiaron los efectos causados por los gases agrios, generalmente existentes en los yacimientos petrolíferos, sobre los cementos empleados en la construcción de pozos de petróleo y gas. Se sometieron tres tipos de cementos API, clases B, G y H, a la presencia de CO2 y H2S en condiciones de alta de temperatura (160ºC) y a 10,2MPa (1500psi) de presión. Se intentó simular de forma acelerada las condiciones de pozo a las que se someterían estos materiales cementantes. Se observó que el efecto principal del CO2 en el cemento fue la formación de CaCO3, como era de esperarse. Tanto el CO2 como el H2S, inhibieron la formación de las fases convenientes para evitar problemas de retrogresión a altas temperaturas. El principal efecto del H2S sobre los cementos estudiados fue de lixiviación de algunos de sus componentes. La acción combinada de estos gases podría conducir a un efecto compensatorio sobre el deterioro del material. Se estudiaron, mediante FTIR, DRX, MEB y EDS, los cambios ocasionados por estos gases agrios sobre estos cementos y se correlacionaron con los cambios en algunas propiedades macro de dichos materiales, tales como la resistencia a la compresión y al peso.

The effects of sour gases, generally present in petroleum reservoirs on the oil well cements, were studied. Three types of API cements, classes B, G and H, were subjected to CO2 and/or H2S atmospheres in conditions of high temperature (160ºC) and at a pressure of 10,2MPa (1500psi). The purpose of these experiments was to simulate oil well conditions in an accelerated way. The main effect of CO2 on the cement was, as expected, CaCO3 production. Both gases inhibited the formation of convenient phases to avoid strength retrogression at high temperatures. The main effect of H2S on the studied cements was the leaching of some of their components. The combined action of these gases could have a compensatory effect on material deterioration. Changes caused by sour gases on these cements were studied by FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDS, and correlated with the observed changes in some macro properties of the materials, such as compressive strength and weight loss.

Estudaram-se os efeitos causados pelos gases ácidos, geralmente existentes em jazidas petrolíferas, sobre os cimentos empregados na construção de poços de petróleo e gás. Se submeteram três tipos de cimentos API, classes B, G e H, à presença de CO2 e H2S em condições de alta de temperatura (160ºC) e a 10,2MPa (1500psi) de pressão. Tentou-se simular de forma acelerada as condições de poço as que se submeteriam estes materiais cimentantes. Observou-se que o efeito principal do CO2 no cimento foi a formação de CaCO3, como era de esperar-se. Tanto o CO2 como o H2S, inibiram a formação das fases convenientes para evitar problemas de retrogressão a altas temperaturas. O principal efeito do H2S sobre os cimentos estudados foi de lixiviação de alguns de seus componentes. A ação combinada destes gases poderia conduzir a um efeito compensatório sobre o deterioro do material. Estudaram-se, mediante FTIR, DRX, MEB y EDS, as mudanças ocasionadas por estes gases ácidos sobre estes cimentos e se correlacionaram com as mudanças em algumas propriedades macro de ditos materiais, tais como à resistência a compressão e à peso.

BNDb - Biomolecules Nucleus Database: an integrated proteomics and transcriptomics database

Proteomics correspond to the identification and quantitative analysis of proteins expressed in different conditions or life stages of a cell or organism. Methods used in proteomics analysis include mainly chromatography, two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Data generated in proteomics analysis vary significantly, and to identify a protein it is often necessary to perform a series of experiments, comparing its results to those found in proteomics databases. Existing proteomics databases are usually related to only one type of experiment or represent processed results, not raw data. Therefore, proteomics researchers frequently have to resort to several data repositories in order to be able to perform the identification. In this paper, we propose an integrated proteomics and transcriptomics database that stores raw and processed data, which are indexed allowing them to be retrieved together or individually. The proposed database, dubbed BNDb for Biomolecules Nucleus Database, is implemented using an MySQL server and is being used to store data from the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the scorpion Tittyus serrulatus and the spider Phoneutria nigriventer. The database construction uses a relational approach and data indexes. The data model proposed uses groups of tables for each data subtype, which store details regarding the experimental procedure as well as raw data, analysis results and associated publications. BNDb also stores transcriptomics data publicly available which are associated with identifications performed on new samples. By using BNDb, we expect not only to contribute to proteomics research but also to provide a useful service for the scientific community.

Homology of polytene elements between Drosophila and Zaprionus determined by in situ hybridization in Zaprionus indianus

The drosophilid Zaprionus indianus due to its economical importance as an insect pest in Brazil deserves more investigation into its genetics. Its mitotic karyotype and a line-drawing map of its polytene chromosomes are already available. This paper presents a photomap of Z. indianus polytene chromosomes, which was used as the reference map for identification of sections marked by in situ hybridization with gene probes. Hybridization signals for Hsp70 and Hsr-omega were detected, respectively, in sections 34B and 32C of chromosome V of Z. indianus, which indicates its homology to the chromosomal arm 3R of Drosophila melanogaster and, therefore, to Muller's element E. The main signal for Hsp83 gene probe hybridization was in section 17C of Z. indianus chromosome III, suggesting its homology to arm 3L of D. melanogaster and to element D of Muller. The Ubi probe hybridized in sections 10C of chromosome II and 17A of chromosome III. Probably the 17A is the polyubiquitin locus, with homology to arm 3L of D. melanogaster and to the mullerian D element, as suggested also by Hsp83 gene location. The Br-C gene was mapped in section 1D, near the tip of the X chromosome, indicating its homology to the X chromosome of D. melanogaster and to mullerian element A. The Dpp gene probe hybridized mainly in the section 32A of chromosome V and, at lower frequencies to other sections, although no signal was observed as expected in the correspondent mullerian B element. This result led to the suggestion of a rearrangement including the Dpp locus in Z. indianus, the secondary signals possibly pointing to related genes of the TGF-beta family. In conclusion, the results indicate that chromosomes X, III, V of Z. indianus are respectively correspondents to elements A, D, and E of Muller. At least chromosome V of Z. indianus seems to share synteny with the 3R arm of D. melanogaster, as indicated by the relative positions of Hsp70 and Hsr-omega, although the Dpp gene indicates a disruption of synteny in its distal region.

Hibridização in situ com sonda não-radioativa para mRNA: princípios e aplicações em patologia / In situ hybridization with non-radioactive riboprobes: principles and applications in pathology

A técnica de hibridização in situ (ISH) tem sido usada para identificar mRNA (ou DNA) em amostras de tecido de material humano e animal. Embora uma série de protocolos para essa técnica seja utilizada, as descrições não são bem detalhadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a reação de hibridização in situ em tecido fresco e sua aplicação em patologia, tornando mais compreensível essa técnica tão importante, que possibilita observar a localização tecidual e a expressão temporal e espacial dos transcritos de um determinado gene (mRNA). Resultados de reações com as ribossondas PITX1, SHH e WNT-5A, realizadas em amostras de tecido congelado, são apresentados.

In situ hybridization (ISH) has been used to identify mRNA (or DNA) in fresh tissue samples of humans and animals. Several protocols describing this technique are available, although its description is not usually detailed enough. The present work describes in situ hybridization reaction on fresh tissue in a way to make understandable this important technique, which allows verifying the cellular localization, and the spatial and temporal expression, of gene transcripts (mRNA). Results with PITX1, TGIF, SHH and WNT-5A riboprobes, in fresh tissue samples, are presented.

La enfermera en la atención primaria infantil / The nurse in the primary infantile attention

En el siguiente artículo se analiza el papel que cumple la enfermera en el nivel primario de atención después de establecer las diferencias y relaciones entre los conceptos de atención primaria en salud, nivel primario de atención y niveles de prevención y se da a conocer el programa de apoyo a la supervisión del crecimiento y desarrollo infantil, a nivel del sistema privado de atención.

El implante coclear en la sordera de larga evolución / Cochlear implant in long evolution deafness

En Colombia un número significativo de pacientes con sorderas neurosensoriales de larga evolución (congénitas o adquiridas en el primer año de vida ) son potenciales candidatos para el implante coclear, como una alternativa de rehabilitación en su vida cotidiana. Se ha reportado ampliamente en la literatura que los beneficios del implante coclear son restringidos en éste grupo de individuos y que los ciriterios de selección deben ser muy estrictos, especialmente en países con recursos limitados. Sin duda alguna el implante coclear mejora la comunicación y las habilidades auditivas en las sorderas prelinguales en diverso grado. Aún algunos pacientes alcanzan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las pruebas de contexto abierto. En el presente artículo presentamos los resultados de la investigación donde se analizan los datos en los pacientes prelinguales con sorderas de larga evolución y las variables que afectan las diferencias observadas. De un total de 117 pacientes seleccionamos 31 pacientes prelinguales con una deprivación auditiva mayor de 12 años. Luego de analizar resultados se observa una mejoría estadísticamente significativa en las pruebas de prosodia y contexto cerrado. Las mayores diferencias se observan en los resultados de contexto abierto y luego de una análisis estadístico univariable y multivariable se concluye que los factores más importantes que influyen en mejores resultados son el uso consistente de audífonos, el tipo de rehabilitación, la rehabilitación continua luego del implante y una adecuada motivación a la comunicación oral. Estos aspectos son fundamentales para decidir los beneficios o limitaciones del implante coclear en éste grupo de pacientes